Objective: To study the anti-inflammatory effect of neem seed oil (NSO) on albino rats using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema. Materials and Methods: The study sample was divided into six groups with each group consisting of six rats as follows: Group I: Control (distilled water 0.5 ml/rat); Group II: Standard (aspirin 200 mg/kg body weight orally); Groups III, IV, V, and VI (NSO 0.25 ml, 0.5 ml, 1 ml, and 2 ml/kg body weight, respectively, i.p.). The inflammation induced in the form of hind paw edema was produced by injection of 0.1 ml of 1% suspension of carrageenan in normal saline below the plantar aponeurosis of right hind paw of rats; the left hind paw served as control. The volume of edema was measured by water displacement method in microburette. Volumes of both the hind paws were measured before and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h of carrageenan injection. Results: NSO in the dose of 0.25 ml/kg body weight did not show any significant anti-inflammatory activity. NSO showed increased inhibition of paw edema with the progressive increase in dose from 0.25 ml to 2 ml/kg body weight. At the dose of 2 ml/kg body weight, NSO showed maximum (53.14%) inhibition of edema at 4 ^th hour of carrageenan injection. Aspirin in the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight showed maximum inhibition of hind paw edema. Conclusion: The present study concludes that NSO exhibits significant anti-inflammatory action.

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Background: Nursing is an important paramedical course and is considered as an essential supplementary branch of medicine. Nurses play an essential role in the society to improve public awareness about general and oral health. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the oral health awareness of all the final year undergraduate nursing students of Khammam district. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted in all the nursing colleges of Khammam district. A total of 147 students were included in the study and they were provided with a questionnaire consisting of 26 questions which were evaluated under four categories. Data analysis was done to find the statistical significance among the variables. Results: 89.8% of the students knew how many teeth we have in our oral cavity. Many of them were not aware of proper brushing method. Regarding oral health, they had adequate knowledge on identification of disease and its relation to general health, and the effect of diet on oral health, but around 81% were confused with the identification of tooth decay. Around 51% of them were not sure about the number of visits a person should make to a dentist. Conclusion: Nursing students have adequate knowledge on basic oral structure and identifying oral diseases, but they are little confused with the method of brushing, number of visits a person should make to a dentist, and specialties in dentistry. Many have shown interest toward camps and clinical postings to improve their knowledge and serve the public.

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Cowden's syndrome (CS) is a complex and rare disorder of autosomal dominant inheritance with a variable phenotype. It is characterized by multiple malignant and benign hamartomatous lesions affecting several tissues and organs derived from the three germ layers. The organ system that most consistently manifests this syndrome is the skin. Mucocutaneous lesions are present in 99-100% of cases. The importance of this disease lies in the increased susceptibility to malignization of some lesions, especially breast, thyroid, and genito-urinary tract lesions. As a result, the disease has been considered a preneoplastic condition. Different types of management regimes have been advised for such patients (management of breast cancer, management of bone metastasis). But in this case report, we present for the first time the complete oral rehabilitation of a patient with CS, which, according to our knowledge, is the first documented case of its kind.

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Oro-antral communication and subsequent formation of an oro-antral fistula (OAF) is a common complication that occurs during extraction of the maxillary molars and also as a result of operative procedure involving maxillary sinus. The incidence of this complication may vary from 0.31% to 3.8% after simple extraction of maxillary posterior teeth. Many procedures have been proposed for the closure of OAF. Local flaps are usually adequate to close minor to moderate size defects; these include buccal or palatal alveolar flaps and their modifications and buccal fat pad. This article describes the closure of an OAF in a 49-year-old male patient with buccal fat pad.

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The metabolic syndrome (Met S) is an escalating clinical and public-health challenge worldwide with increasing prevalence figures ranging from 10% to as high as 84%. Urbanization, calorie dense diet, sedentary life habits and increasing obesity are significantly associated with its increased prevalence. It is defined by a constellation of an interconnected physiological, clinical, metabolic and biochemical factors that directly increase the risk of diseases like cardiovascular disease (CVD), Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), stoke, dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction. The knowledge about Met S and its consequences in society is in infancy stage. Existing criteria's for defining it are ambiguous and rationale for thresholds are ill defined. This makes Met S difficult to understand, diagnose and conclude. Therefore, current national and worldwide epidemiology of Met S also remains controversial. The proliferation of various definitions demands a single unifying definition. It is important to identify and evaluate the population with Met S as early interventions can simply avoid the complications associated. Increasing the awareness of Met S itself may account for huge decline as early interventions help to abort the associated complications. Simple lifestyle changes and routine health checkups can help keep metabolic syndrome at bay. The prevalence of Met S is high as well as unrecognized among the general population. If the situation persists Met S may prove a massive killer in the years to come. This calls for prompt and incessant updating of medical community as well as public sector.

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